![]() native libs APK (x86, arm, arm64, etc.).localized resources APK (English locale, French locale, etc.).graphical resources APK (low-dpi, medium-dpi, high-dpi, etc.).When a vendor develops their app as an Android App Bundle, the distributing store will send the app as a collection of smaller-sized APKs tailored to the requesting device configuration. More elaborate protections may implement certificate pinning-style checks, where the code verifies that it is signed using a specific certificate. Keep in mind that this solution has shortcomings: Anti-debugging code may check at runtime that the app is not debuggable, as would be expected. Install it on your device, and start debugging. $ apksigner.bat sign -ks %USERPROFILE%\.android\debug.keystore -ks-pass pass:android file_debuggable.apk ![]() on Windows, using the SDK-generated debug keystore: Sign it using the Android SDK's apksigner, e.g. Upon success, file_debuggable.apk will be generated. $ jeb_wincon.bat -c -makeapkdebug - file.apk Navigate to your JEB folder, and use the start-up script, e.g. JEB has built-in utility to rebuild a non-debuggable APK into a debuggable one, while maintaining the entire structure of the application intact, except for its signing data of course. It is generally easier to debug Android applications explicitly marked debuggable in their Manifest: Using similar devices for debugging will likely reduce the chances of running into corner-case problematic situations. Note that most of our tests are done on Pixel devices running vanilla Android Oreo. JEB ships with a modified version of the utility, named ranod, which does not perform such checks. Some limitations stem from the trusted run-as Android utility, which verifies whether an app is marked debuggable, regardless of the system's overall debuggability. You will have to sign the generated app using your own key be aware of the implications if you choose that option. Use JEB's built-in tool makeapkdebug to generate a debuggable app. (The rooting process is out-of-scope here: it is device-specific and rooting instructions can easily be found online.) A rooted phone will also allow you to install additional low-level programs to ease debugging and potentially solve problems mentioned in the above bullet point. ![]() A rooted phone will allow you to modify the ro.debuggable property, and change it from 0 (standard on production devices) to 1. In some situation, this may not be enough since several components, in the OS or the app itself, may check for the Manifest's debuggable flag before or during the app execution. This means they will debug all apps, regardless of the debuggable flag in the Manifest. Emulators have the ro.debuggable property set to 1 (with an exception, see note below). However, this is rarely the case when analyzing in-the-wild malware or production applications. Normally, only apps whose Android Manifest explicitly has a debuggable flag set to true are debuggable. The DVM runs inside a native process Debugging non-debuggable apps # On the device, the debugger server process (generally gdb or lldb), runs alongside the target process and controls it via ptrace.
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